How our system calculates flights over an area

The following video explains how our system calculates location-specific data used on this website:

The NFPMS

We source data directly from the Airservices Noise and Flight Path Monitoring System. The largest monitoring system in the world, combining data from air traffic control systems with a network of monitors deployed in local communities.

By using the location you provided when you entered the website, we extract data collected by this system and combine this with geographically relevant information, tailoring the site.

The grid

To be able to analyze the number of flights over your area, we have created a grid of identically sized, 1 kilometre by 1 kilometre squares. In total, the grid extends for 95 kilometres around each of the major airports in our coverage area. Initially this portal covers:

  • Adelaide
  • Brisbane
  • Cairns
  • Canberra
  • Gold Coast
  • Hobart
  • Melbourne
  • Perth
  • Sunshine Coast
  • Sydney

How we count the number of flights

We start by drawing a cone at the centre of each grid. Using the location that you provided when you entered the site, we determine the nearest cone to you.

Flights that pass through each cone are recorded and that
data is presented on this website.

To avoid underestimating the flights in each area and to fully cover all locations in our grid, we lower the cone 2,600 feet (800 metres) into the ground.

The cone extends up to 15,000 feet (4.5 kilometres) above local ground level and at the very top, the cone is over 30,000 feet (9.4 kilometres) wide.

Why we use a cone

We use a cone because research undertaken by the United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority identified that a cone best aligns with how we determine if an aircraft has overflown a location or not.

The 48.5-degree angle of the cone was selected as it incorporates an evaluation of noise, in that if one aircraft flew directly above the observer, followed by a second aircraft off to the side along the 48.5 degree line, the second aircraft would be 3 decibels quieter than the first.

Controlled and uncontrolled airspace

There are two types of airspace — controlled and uncontrolled.

Controlled airspace

Airservices air traffic controllers manage controlled airspace. To enter controlled airspace, an aircraft must first gain a clearance from air traffic control. In controlled airspace all aircraft must have continual radio contact with air traffic control and submit a flight plan detailing the route and height they will fly. Some emergency operations do not have to submit a flight plan, due to the urgency of their flights.

Uncontrolled airspace

All other airspace is uncontrolled. No clearance is required to operate in uncontrolled airspace and there is no supervision by air traffic control. Pilots operating in uncontrolled airspace must still comply with aviation regulations. However, they do not need to submit a flight plan and they may only have partial radio contact. The large majority of light aircraft and helicopters operate mostly in uncontrolled airspace.

Find out more

Learn more about classes of Australia airspace

Seasonal weather patterns

Because aircraft must take off and land into the wind for safety reasons, the runway selected for use will be the one that allows “into-wind” operations. 

Wind patterns tend to be seasonal.  This means that at some times of the year a runway and its associated flight paths may receive more use than at other times of the year.

The following image outlines the seasonal wind patterns and how they vary around Australia.

Our fact sheet on Seasonal weather patterns explains this in more detail.

Investigation: Helicopter activities

Filming at the MCG

Airservices followed-up complaints about helicopters hovering over the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG) during sporting events. Helicopter operators advised the low winter sun often prevents filming from the south of the ground during the AFL season. Therefore on-ground advertising during the AFL season is orientated so that it is best viewed from the north, which is why helicopters tend to hover to the north of the ground (over residential areas).

The operators agreed to hover to the south whenever possible, and when filming from the north they will try as far as possible to hover over the park north of the MCG and not over residential areas. In addition, operators already try to use their quietest helicopters for operations over the MCG.

Traffic helicopters

Airservices contacted the traffic helicopter operator about these activities. The operator flies as high as possible to minimise noise to residents and has zoom lenses to enable filming from 1500 feet. The minimum altitude over residential areas is 1000 feet, although the operator has a dispensation from CASA to fly lower if required. This is rare. The helicopter has been fitted with mufflers to minimise noise to residents. Sometimes air traffic control require the helicopter to fly below 1500 feet or to hover to remain out of the way of regular aircraft traffic to and from Melbourne Airport. Otherwise, hovering is avoided whenever possible. In the morning, traffic reporting activities are usually finished by 9.00 am and in the evening by 6.00 pm.

Yarra River helipads

Following complaints from residents affected by helicopters operating to and from the Yarra River helipads, Airservices worked with helicopter operators to encourage them to minimise noise. Operators agreed, wherever possible, to use their quieter helicopters, to restrict the times they use the helipads and to try to avoid overflight of noise-sensitive areas.

The Yarra River helipads are outside controlled airspace. The are which the helipads occupy is under the control of Parks Victoria.

More information about helicopter operations

Investigation: Runway 34 arrivals over Newport (2024)

Learn about our investigation into Runway 34 arrivals over Newport into Melbourne Airport

A community proposal was presented to move the arrival flight path for Melbourne Airport Runway 34 (arrivals to the southern end of the north-south runway). Currently arrivals from the western side of the airport fly over the Newport and South Kingsville areas in making a left turn to join the final runway aligned straight-in approach to the runway. The suggestion was to move the left turn earlier so aircraft would fly over industrial areas of Altona North / the M1 before joining the runway aligned segment. This would result in a noise improvement for the Newport and South Kingsville areas.

Upon investigation, the proposal could not be implemented due to the location of Newport and South Kingsville being in alignment with Runway 34. Under precision landing approaches for Melbourne Airport, all aircraft arriving via Runway 34 must track via a waypoint called AKDEL.  A waypoint is a geographical location used to define a point on flight path and is defined by geographic coordinates. Unfortunately Newport/ South Kingsville is located under AKDEL.

AKDEL is in a very specific location based on runway alignment requirements and distance from the runway, in accordance with the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) procedures in flight path design that guide the distances of procedures, specified altitudes and turn angles. The tighter turn suggested cannot be achieved as turns of arrival flight paths are designed to ensure adequate distances for aircraft to be at precise minimum safe altitudes before commencing their descent into the airport following a 3 degree glide slope.

A further suggestion was made to design a second (alternate) flight path for non-heavy aircraft to take the shorter turn, allowing noise to be shared. In assessing flight path changes Airservices considers the efficient operations of the airport and also whether there would be an overall noise improvement for the community. This shorter arrival path from the west would expose suburbs including Sunshine, Saint Albans, Deer Park and Burnside to increased levels of aircraft noise. Airservices does not generally consider that moving noise from one part of the community to another is a noise improvement. Due to reasons outlined above, the proposal was deemed not feasible to proceed.

Investigation: Runway 16 departures over St Albans and Ardeer

Airservices explored the possibility of moving further south the point at which aircraft turn west after departure from Runway 16. After making this turn aircraft pass over St Albans. The investigation found that this was not feasible for two reasons. While it would result in benefits for Ardeer and St Albans, it would move the traffic and noise to Sunshine. In addition, aircraft would remain on the runway heading for longer and this would hamper efficient operations. The current procedure allows air traffic control to clear the next aircraft for take-off after the previous one has made the turn. If aircraft maintain the runway heading for longer, this means that more time must elapse before the aircraft behind can take off which would slow down the throughput of aircraft. The proposal was found to be unfeasible because it was not considered to be a noise improvement overall and for efficiency reasons.

Investigation: Runway 16 departures over Caroline Springs

The proposal was that an alternative flight path be designed off Runway 16 to utilise farm land and avoid Caroline Springs. Investigation found that this would increase noise impacts for St Albans and Sunshine North which are densely populated areas. Therefore more residents would be affected by this proposed change than would receive noise improvements. Airservices considers that noise improvements must be of benefit to the community as a whole and must clearly provide a reduction in overall noise impacts.

No opportunities were identified during this investigation that would provide an overall reduction in noise impacts. Caroline Springs is benefited at present by the Noise Abatement Procedures at Melbourne Airport which make Runway 16 departures the fourth preference.

Investigation: Runway 16 early turns

Following an increase in complaints about early turns of jet departures from Runway 16 during quarter 4 of 2013, Airservices contacted airlines about the problem. Airlines have reminded their pilots that aircraft taking off from Runway 16 for destinations to the north and east should only turn to the west once they have reached a waypoint four nautical miles (roughly seven kilometres) south of the airport. Airservices will continue to monitor this issue. Most subsequent instances of this have been found to be due to air traffic control instructions for traffic management reasons.

Investigation: Night time helicopter movements

In response to complainants raising concerns about helicopter movements during the curfew, Airservices investigated all helicopter movements to and from Adelaide Airport between 1 July and 30 September 2016. The investigation found that in each case these movements were emergency services helicopters which are permitted to use the airport during the curfew period.

The curfew applies only to aircraft arriving at or departing from Adelaide Airport. Aircraft travelling between other origins and destinations are permitted to fly over Adelaide during curfew hours.

More information about helicopter operations.